Eficacia clínica y microbiológica de la azitromicina como terapia adjunta del tratamiento periodontal no quirúrgico

Tesis (Cirujano Dentista)La enfermedad periodontal (EP), considerada la segunda patología oral más frecuente en Chile después de la caries dental, se caracteriza por la destrucción de los tejidos de soporte que rodean al diente. El factor etiológico primario es la bioflora, es por esto que el principal objetivo de la terapia periodontal convencional, considerada el tratamiento gold standard de dicha enfermedad, consiste en su remoción. El tratamiento convencional presenta ciertas limitaciones, razón por la que se han comenzado a utilizar los antibióticos sistémicos a modo de terapia adjunta, demostrando exitosos resultados. Dentro de la variedad de antibióticos administrados en periodoncia para el tratamiento de la periodontitis crónica (PC), los más utilizados son la amoxicilina junto al metronidazol, los cuales se indican por regímenes de 7 a 14 días, sin embargo, en los últimos años surge la azitromicina, antimicrobiano que de ser utilizado como terapia complementaria en periodoncia podría generar múltiples beneficios para los pacientes, debido a que presenta propiedades farmacológicas favorables, tales como antiinflamación e inmunomodulación, un amplio espectro contra microorganismos Gram negativos, baja incidencia de efectos adversos, además de poseer una posología de 3 a 5 días máximos en una dosis diaria. No obstante, a pesar de sus ventajas, la evidencia científica actual aún no es concluyente en cuanto a su eficacia como coadyuvante del tratamiento periodontal convencional. Finalmente, considerando que no existen estudios realizados en Chile sobre dicho tema, todo lo expuesto motiva al desarrollo de esta investigación, la cual pretende evaluar el efecto de la administración sistémica de azitromicina como complemento al tratamiento periodontal no quirúrgico, comparado con el tratamiento periodontal no quirúrgico más placebo, en lo que concierne a los posibles cambios en los parámetros clínicos y microbiológicos en pacientes adultos con periodontitis crónica

Sculpting the hippocampus from within: stress, spines, and CRH.

Learning and memory processes carried out within the hippocampus are influenced by stress in a complex manner, and the mechanisms by which stress modulates the physiology of the hippocampus are not fully understood. This review addresses how the production and release of the neuropeptide corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) within the hippocampus during stress influences neuronal structure and hippocampal function. CRH functions in the contexts of acute and chronic stresses taking place during development, adulthood and aging. Current challenges are to uncover how the dynamic actions of CRH integrate with the well-established roles of adrenal-derived steroid stress hormones to shape the cognitive functions of the hippocampus in response to stress

Transitions in domestic architecture and home culture in twentieth century Iran

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 2009.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.Includes bibliographical references (p. 296-320).This dissertation explores the transformation of the Iranian home in twentieth century Iran. While surveying the socio political underpinnings and aesthetic ends of domesticity in Iranian culture from the early twentieth century through the first two decades of the revolution, this study also examines the impact of the Cold War on the daily life of Iranians. A showcase for the West's humanitarian efforts in the region, the "reform" of the Iranian home was first brought about by missionaries, architects, and other foreign parties. They engaged in a hybrid dialogue that helped bring about a reconfiguration of houses, home cultures, and behaviors and tastes in domestic life. The Point IV Program of the Truman administration exported American home life by establishing home economics schools for Iranian girls. Subsequently, the Iranian domestic market was flooded with a plethora of new home goods. The influx of new spaces and goods raised questions about the authenticity of Shiite daily life, indigenous taste, consumer culture, and gender relations. Since 1979 the focus on Iran's internal politics and its foreign relations has distracted attention from more subtle transformations, which took place prior to and in the aftermath of the Islamic Revolution. By looking at the roles and opinions of religious scholars, the Left, and the revolutionary elites this study can also be seen as one that re-examines the history of Iran's revolution through the lens of the everyday and private lives of people.(cont.) Subsequently, this dissertation details the ways in which new ideas regarding the relationship between public and private spaces were put forward by numerous architects, urban planners, and cultural critics both during the reign of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (1941-1979) and in the two decades following the revolution. Finally, it shows how, since 1979, Iranians have contested the dichotomies of "public" and "private" as manifested in the Islamic Republic's texts, images, and actual physical spaces. Towards this end, this dissertation explores the interplay between foreign influences, religious rhetoric, gender roles, economic factors, and education as they intersect with taste, fashion, and architecture.by Z. Pamela Karimi.Ph.D

Communication Laboratories: Genesis, Assessment, Challenges

The purpose of this article is to briefly describe (a) a rationale for creating communication laboratories; (b) communication laboratory curricula and approaches; (c) development strategies for communication laboratories; (d) communication laboratory assessment, accountability, and research opportunities; and (e) communication laboratory issues and challenges. The article concludes with a list of guiding principles that lead to the successful implementation of communication laboratories. The communication laboratory is one educational strategy for addressing the issue of communication competency in the 21st century. Communication laboratories across the United States exist at schools such as Columbus State University, East Tennessee State University, Golden West College, Ithaca College, Luther College, San Jose State University, College of San Mateo, the College of William and Mary, Southwest Texas State University, and the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs. These laboratories were developed to meet critical institutional priorities, including enhancement of students\u27 oral communication skills, helping students across the curriculum with identified communication skill problems, and developing academic programs to increase student persistence and retention to graduation

Women's Portable Habitats

Academic studies increasingly examine the relationship between the social organization of space, gender and sexuality in contemporary Muslim societies. Such studies tend to consider historical, socio-political and religious notions associated with the veil, or chador, as it is traditionally known in Iran. Whether bound up with the concept of male/female spatial binaries or closely involved with aspects of space that create visual and physical control, studies rarely deal with the veil as an entity that can be understood as a secondary space, or a 'habitat' which clinches women's bodies in public

Engineering Synthetic TAL Effectors with Orthogonal Target Sites

The ability to engineer biological circuits that process and respond to complex cellular signals has the potential to impact many areas of biology and medicine. Transcriptional activator-like effectors (TALEs) have emerged as an attractive component for engineering these circuits, as TALEs can be designed de novo to target a given DNA sequence. Currently, however, the use of TALEs is limited by degeneracy in the site-specific manner by which they recognize DNA. Here, we propose an algorithm to computationally address this problem. We apply our algorithm to design 180 TALEs targeting 20 bp cognate binding sites that are at least 3 nt mismatches away from all 20 bp sequences in putative 2 kb human promoter regions. We generated eight of these synthetic TALE activators and showed that each is able to activate transcription from a targeted reporter. Importantly, we show that these proteins do not activate synthetic reporters containing mismatches similar to those present in the genome nor a set of endogenous genes predicted to be the most likely targets in vivo. Finally, we generated and characterized TALE repressors comprised of our orthogonal DNA binding domains and further combined them with shRNAs to accomplish near complete repression of target gene expression

Análisis de la fertilidad potencial del canino (Canis Lupus Familiaris) posterior a la inyección intratesticular de Cloruro de Calcio al 20%

Una de las principales técnicas utilizadas para el control de la población canina es la castración. La técnica quirúrgica sin lugar a dudas es la más utilizada y conocida, sin embargo la opción de la castración química ha ido tomando fuerza como una alternativa a la castración quirúrgica, debido a que se considera un proceso no invasivo, económico y de fácil realización, sobre todo en casos de castración masiva de animales como control de la población callejera. En este estudio se utilizó un total de 20 caninos, los cuales se dividieron en: grupos experimentales (1, 2, 3) y grupo control. A los tres grupos experimentales se les aplicó una inyección por vía intratesticular de cloruro de calcio al 20% en ambos testículos, mientras que, al grupo control se le inyectó por la misma vía, solución fisiológica al 0,9%. Previo a esta inoculación todos los pacientes fueron sometidos a un examen físico general, examen andrológico, análisis de fertilidad mediante espermiograma y análisis plasmático de testosterona mediante radio inmuno ensayo (RIA). Al grupo experimental 1 y al grupo control, luego de 7 días post inoculación, se les realizó un nuevo análisis de fertilidad mediante espermiograma y análisis plasmático de testosterona. En el caso del grupo experimental 2 el procedimiento anterior se realizó después de 14 días de la inoculación y el grupo experimental 3, después de 21 días. En relación con el análisis espermático, el grupo experimental 1 no presentó diferencias significativas en ningún parámetro analizado. El grupo experimental 2 presentó diferencias estadísticamente significativas en volumen, concentración espermática y motilidad progresiva. El grupo experimental 3 presentó diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el volumen entre el tiempo inicial y a los 21 días posterior a la inoculación, los parámetros restantes del espermiograma no fueron analizados puesto que no se obtuvo líquido seminal en los pacientes de este grupo, indicando que a los 21 días existiría daño en el tejido testicular evidenciado por la ausencia de espermatogénesis. Los resultados del análisis plasmático de testosterona indicaron que solo en el grupo experimental 3 la concentración de ésta hormona presentó una disminución estadísticamente significativa, por lo cual a partir de los 21 días post-inoculación la concentración de esta hormona comenzaría a descender. Debido a los resultados obtenidos podemos concluir que la utilización de cloruro de calcio al 20% vía intratesticular es una técnica eficaz en lograr la castración, lo que se manifiesta con mayor seguridad a partir de los 21 días post inyección, fácil de realizar y sin efectos adversos, lo que la hace una opción válida, sobre todo en planes de esterilización masiva.  

Asymmetric opening of HIV-1 Env bound to CD4 and a coreceptor-mimicking antibody

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope (Env) glycoprotein, a (gp120–gp41)₃ trimer, mediates fusion of viral and host cell membranes after gp120 binding to host receptor CD4. Receptor binding triggers conformational changes allowing coreceptor (CCR5) recognition through CCR5’s tyrosine-sulfated amino (N) terminus, release of the gp41 fusion peptide and fusion. We present 3.3 Å and 3.5 Å cryo-EM structures of E51, a tyrosine-sulfated coreceptor-mimicking antibody, complexed with a CD4-bound open HIV-1 native-like Env trimer. Two classes of asymmetric Env interact with E51, revealing tyrosine-sulfated interactions with gp120 mimicking CCR5 interactions, and two conformations of gp120–gp41 protomers (A and B protomers in AAB and ABB trimers) that differ in their degree of CD4-induced trimer opening and induction of changes to the fusion peptide. By integrating the new structural information with previous closed and open envelope trimer structures, we modeled the order of conformational changes on the path to coreceptor binding site exposure and subsequent viral–host cell membrane fusion

Gender, livestock and livelihood indicators

This guide is a reference point for some of the important indicators that ILRI can use to monitor the changing role of livestock in livelihoods in different production systems and the impact of livestock-related interventions. While this list of indicators is not comprehensive in covering all the areas in which ILRI works, it provides a starting point for the common objectives which most of our projects, be they in markets, biotechnology or the environment, hope to achieve. Some of these indicators are already commonly used in different surveys but their application has not always been consistent or comparable. With time, we expect to develop further common indicators around other areas of research in ILRI. This document should therefore be considered as a living document to which we will add core indicators around the thematic areas covered by ILRI’s research including such areas as partnerships, capacity building and the key thematic areas of markets, biotechnology and environment. This document should be used to guide your data collection within projects. These may include baseline data, evaluation (both internal and external), impact assessments, project appraisals and any other data collection within the projects and programmes across the institute, including surveys conducted by students where possible. Currently, the indicators are designed for data collection at household level and for integration into household surveys. Project teams should ask for assistance in adapting these indicators for use in other types of surveys such as community surveys, focus group discussions, market agent surveys and key informant interviews. Livestock play multiple roles in livelihoods. In deriving these indicators, we have used both the sustainable livelihoods framework, placing livestock within an assets and capital framework, and as a pathway out of poverty. The latter recognizes that for livestock to translate into poverty reduction the necessary conditions i.e. technologies and services to generate productive, sustainable and profitable markets are a pre-requisite. Section 2 of this document identifies 6 categories of indicators and gives a rationale for each of the indicators and how to measure them covering both the tools for data collection on the indicator and its calculation. Section 3 provides the initial basic survey data to capture in ILRI surveys, Section 4 focuses on study meta-data to document and Section 5 on household sampling